Reflection of the Oppressed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 535 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Reflection of the Pedagogy of the Oppressed So far throughout my school career, I have noticed that I have become a victim of memorizing information the teacher preaches but I never really analyze the importance. For example, the Healthcare debate that has been going on throughout the last couple of years. I know that Obama is establishing a new healthcare plan but if someone asked me a question about the importance of the healthcare plan, I could not tell you the answer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reflection of the Oppressed" essay for you Create order I have finally been able to start analyzing the importance of literature beginning with the Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Freire begins by talking about the relationship between the teacher and the student. â€Å"The relationship involves a narrating Subject (the teacher) and patient, listening objects (the students). † In the case he describes the teacher knows everything and the student knows nothing so therefore the teacher is to fill the minds of the students with his or her knowledge. Freire describes this situation as one in which the students are seen as containers into which knowledge can be deposited. The teacher is the depositor and the knowledge is that which is deposited on a daily basis much like bankers deposit money. This bank concept of education attempts to transform the minds of individuals so that they will adapt better to actual situations and be dominated by them with greater ease. Freire, however, rejects the banking approach, claiming it results in the dehumanization of both the students and the teachers. In addition, he argues the banking approach stimulates oppressive attitudes and practices in society. Instead, he advocates for a more world-mediated, mutual approach to education that considers people incomplete. According to Freire, this authentic approach to education must allow people to be aware of their incompleteness and strive to be more fully human. After reading this exert from the Pedagogy of the Oppressed, I have come to understand what Freire is trying to convey to the reader. In the beginning it talks about how a student knows nothing and it is the teachers job to deposit students with their knowledge (the banking concept). I believe knowledge is earned and is a privilege to have. It is a gift that is given by those who are knowledgeable to those who know nothing and work hard to receive it. Although knowledge is given, it is not always stored which is why I understand that Freire rejects the idea of the banking concept. Teachers can lecture to students all day long about information and tell them to take notes but not always is the information stored. As Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"information is not knowledge. I have grown to understand the concept of making notes not taking notes and it is now very important in every aspect of my learning. In conclusion, Freire develops many ideas in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed. The teacher is not always the subject and the students are not always the patient, listening objects. Teachers learn from students as do students learn from teachers but it is very important to remember that the teacher is the one who is more knowledgeable therefore filling the minds of the students with his or her own knowledge.

Statistical Applications - 1295 Words

Running Head: WATSON AND PALEY: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Watson and Paley: Comparison and Contrast Penelope K. Gates RNBC HCS350 Jean Watson received her nursing diploma from â€Å"Lewis-Gale School of Nursing† in Roanoke, VA, in 1961. She went on to complete her undergraduate and graduate studies at the University of Colorado. She obtained a â€Å"PhD† in educational psychology and counseling in 1973. Her primary work has been in the psychiatric field of nursing. Dr. Watson has taught many nursing courses through the years as well as did research and wrote numerous books and articles. Most of her work since 2000 has been on her theory and philosophy of caring. She has traveled and lectured across the world, studying and lecturing on her†¦show more content†¦Friedrich Nietzsche was a philosopher in the nineteenth century from Germany. Even today is philosophy is questioned and continues to be controversial. His views on morality and religion were the cause for much discussion in his time. Nietzsche â€Å"challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality† (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). His writings had a provocative style and to this day no agreement has been reached regarding the meaning. To compare the work of Jean Watson and John Paley is like comparing mud and water. Watson believes that caring is essential for the healing process. Paley finds that there is not enough fact based evidence. Paley believes that the idea related to â€Å"care ethics† (Paley, 2011, p. 242) has not been established or proven true by theorists. He speculates that there may be an authoritarian or paternalistic attitude involved when using the caring theory with patients. In contrast, Paley disagrees with not only Watson’s theories but also other theorists. Paley states that the theory’s only serve as a theoretical discourse. He has presented criticism on almost all of the nursing theories. Paley states in a book review of a book written by Martha Alligood and Ann Tomey that the theories are vague and not competitive with other theorists (Paley, 2006, p. 276). Watson’s theory and beliefs about nursing are considered to be philosophy ofShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Statistical Knowledge For Business1532 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Statistics in Business Introduction In making important decisions for the business, the collection and accurate analysis of data is one of the most imperative processes. The analysis helps in determining the preferences of the consumers, the quality that the consumers want, the level of competition in the market and the financial ability of the business among others. 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The Philosophy Of Schizophrenia Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Philosophy Of Schizophrenia Essay, Research Paper Phil-229 Trinity College In his book, The Paradoxes of Delusion, Louis Sass attempts to refute two of most prevailing beliefs of the schizophrenic individual. He argues that by sing the schizophrenic psychotic beliefs in visible radiation of solipsism, a doctrine of being, the schizophrenic may look far more apprehensible. Through his comparing of the schizophrenic and solipsist worlds, Sass explains that non merely is schizophrenia apprehensible, but that there exists within the construction of schizophrenic psychotic belief a apparently paradoxical province which in actuality approximates a kind of logic more than anything else. Therefore, harmonizing to Sass, schizophrenic disorder should non be deemed a province of unreason, but instead a ground which consequences from a double conceptualisation of the world. Sass first introduces the traditional apprehension of lunacy and psychotic belief. The most cardinal footing under which a individual is diagnosed as insane is when he displays a hapless of false apprehension of his environment, called? hapless world proving. ? ? # 8230 ; perturbation in or failure of? reality-testing? is considered to be the shaping standard for naming a so called psychotic condition. ? ( p.1 ) The inability to right comprehend world is considered to be the footing for psychotic belief, the basic feature of lunacy. But, as Sass explains, patients with schizophrenic disorder, ? the most terrible and paradigmatic sort of insanity, ? frequently do non expose existent hapless reality-testing. While schizophrenic patients tend to harmonize great importance to their psychotic beliefs, they do non manage said psychotic beliefs in the same manner that they handle what they understand to be nonsubjective world. ? # 8230 ; many schizophrenics who seem to be deeply preoccupied with their psychotic beliefs # 8230 ; handle these same beliefs with what seems a certain distance and irony. ? ( p.20-21 ) They seem to retain two apprehensions of world, so called? dual clerking, ? which allows them to be? in two analogues but separate universes: consensual world and the kingdom of their hallucinations # 8230 ; ? ( p.21 ) This construct helps to explicate why many schizophrenic patients do non move on their psychotic beliefs in a mode which is appropriate for the given delusional state of affairs. ? A patient who claims that the physicians and nurses are seeking to torment and poison her may nevertheless merrily consume the nutrient they give her. ? ( p.21 ) They believe that their psychotic beliefs are existent, but merely in the context of a universe known merely to them. ? Schreber insists # 8230 ; that such beliefs-he calls them? my alleged psychotic beliefs? -refers to a separate kingdom, one that does non actuate him to move and wherein the usual standard of worldly cogent evidence does non apply. ? ( p.31 ) While common apprehensions of hapless world proving include a patient? s belief in things which are objectively false or non-existent, Sass argues that many schizophrenics besides disbelieve those things which can be deemed objectively true or existent. ? # 8230 ; frequently schizophrenic psychotic beliefs involve non belief in the unreal but incredulity in something that most people take to be true. Schizophrenic patients may..speak incredulously of? my alleged kids and this alleged infirmary # 8230 ; ? ( p.24 ) Along with these? psychotic beliefs of incredulity, ? schizophrenic patients may comprehend other human existences as machines or apparitions which merely seem to be existent people. Sass besides explains how schizophrenic patients may believe that many of their experiences are merchandises of their ain head and consciousness, as if they have created the world which surrounds them by their ain idea. ? Schizophrenics may believe that they have invented everything they encounter-that # 8230 ; they themselves have merely invented the narrative they have merely read? ( p.22 ) Schreber believed that the insects he saw were created at the minute he looked at them, and disappeared every bit shortly as he looked off. These illustrations, along with the schizophrenic intuition refering the world of other human existences, are cardinal to Sass? likening of schizophrenic disorder to the philosophical impression of solipsism. A solipsist believes that his world is the merely true world, or as Wittgenstein puts it, ? The universe is my idea. ? ( p.34 ) Most fundamentally, solipsism refers to the belief that everything one perceives is a merchandise of his ain head. Like the schizophrenic, the solipsist positions other people as apparitions of a kind. ? For the solipsist, other people, other looking centres of consciousness, are but dream personages, figments of the solipsist? s ain witting activity and awareness. ? ( p.34 ) Because the most basic dogmas of solipsism are lived out in the schizophrenic psychotic beliefs, Sass believes that by sing the symptoms of schizophrenic disorder in visible radiation of the solipsist theoretical account of world, we can derive an apprehension of much of the schizophrenic status. Sass explains that Wittgenstein saw a strong connexion between solipsism and intense concentration or? staring. ? ? The phenomenon of staring is closely bound up with the whole mystifier of solipsism. ? ( p.35 ) Wittgenstein besides noted the importance of inaction to the solipsist experience. Sass explains that by interacting with and traveling about the universe, a individual has no pick but to accept the physical and nonsubjective quality of everything around him. This acknowledgment? precludes a sense of # 8230 ; subjectivization? ( p.35 ) therefore impeding the solipsist understanding that everything he sees is, in consequence, a merchandise of his ain head. By interacting with the world..one is obliged to acknowledge the universe? s distinctness # 8230 ; in a inactive province, the universe may expression instead different. The more one stares at things, the more they may look to hold a coefficient of subjectiveness ; the more they may come to look? things seen. ? When gazing fixedly in front, the field of consciousness as such can come into prominence ; so, it is as if the lens of consciousness were overcasting over and the universe beyond were taking on the aphanous quality of a dream. At this point, the individual can be said to see experience instead than the universe # 8230 ; ( pp.35-36 ) This is to state that the longer we stare at something, the more we think of a certain object in the sense of a ocular, instead than physical object. Viewed as the construct of an object instead than an object in and of itself, the thing takes on a extremely subjective quality. ? In this state of affairs, any object of consciousness tends to experience that it depends on me in some particular manner, belonging to my consciousness as a private and somehow inner possession. ? ( p.36 ) Sass points out that many of Schreber? s schizophrenic experiences were accompanied by merely such fortunes of intense concentration and about complete inaction. ? Apart from day-to-day forenoon and afternoon walks in the garden, I chiefly sat motionless the whole twenty-four hours on a chair at my tabular array # 8230 ; ? ( p.37 ) It appears that certain types of psychotic beliefs would non happen if Schreber were traveling about. ? The experience of ? miracled-up? insects # 8230 ; seems non to hold occurred unless Schreber was in a province of stationariness # 8230 ; if he sat down and waited he could really arouse this wasp miracle. ? ( p.38 ) Schreber? s experience of the? wasp-miracle? is possibly the really best illustration of the propinquity of the schizophrenic and solipsist kingdom. He believed that his regard provoked the self-generated coevals of the insects, an apprehension which gave Schreber the? sense of being the witting centre before whom and for whom events appear. ? ( p.38 ) Sass besides points out transitions of Schreber? s Memoirs which indicate his consciousness that other heads can non be, a cardinal impression of solipsism. ? The solipsist, who is so smitten with the undeniable actuality and centrality of his ain experience, evidently can non hold this same consciousness of the experience of others. In fact, the more he pays attending to his ain experience, the more improbable it seems that other people can hold anything like this-and the more others come to look # 8230 ; non truly witting existences at all. ? ( p.39 ) An apprehension of solipsism helps us to see why the schizophrenic patients fail to react to their psychotic beliefs or respond in what seems an inappropriate mode. As Sass explains, both schizophrenics and solipsists see world as a mental world of constructs or thoughts. Thus is would be mostly ineffectual to try to move out in any physical manner because touchable manoeuvres could hold no affect in a universe where nil is of substance. ? # 8230 ; in a solipsistic existence, to move might experience either unneeded or impossible: unneeded because external conditions are at the clemency of idea # 8230 ; impossible because existent action, action in a universe able to defy my attempts, can non happen in a strictly mental existence. ? ( p.42 ) In visible radiation of this? simply mental or representation? apprehension of the universe, it seems clear that a schizophrenic individual would of course talk in metaphor, something which Sass believes is frequently unknown or ignored. ? A failure to recognize that a patient may be depicting such a manner of experience can # 8230 ; lead to an overly actual reading by the healer, and therefore the misguided feeling that the patient? s world testing has broken down. ? ( p.44 ) Additionally, schizophrenic patients frequently perceive their ain physical organic structures as representational or conceptual. So when they have psychotic beliefs of their organic structures and other people? s organic structures undergoing extremist physical alterations, they are non bothered by it because it seems affectless and inconsequential, as if one were cutting up paper dolls. Sass explains that consideration of the solipsist world can exemplify a possible ground for the schizophrenic anxiousness, described by a physician of Schreber? s as a? tense? and ? cranky? province? caused by inner uneasiness. ? ( p.37 ) With the belief that the universe is a merchandise of one? s ain head comes, to a schizophrenic patient, an huge feeling of duty. They lack the luxury of holding the ability to? halt playing the game, ? if you will, and leave their beliefs behind. While the impression of single-handedly controlling being is accompanied by a sense of amazing power, it besides proceeds a fright of doing the death of the existence. ? One catatonic patient explained why she would keep herself immobile for hours in an uncomfortable place # 8230 ; it was, she said, for the intent of? halting the universe March to catastrophe? : ? If I win in staying in a perfect province of suspension, I will suspend the motion of the Earth and halt the March of the universe to destruction. ? ? ( p.50 ) Wittgenstein believes, and truly so, that solipsism is wrought with contradiction. Sass besides admits that schizophrenic patients are frequently plagued by their ain contradictions, most notably coincident feelings of omnipotence and powerlessness, and the desire to do others understand their experience while believing that they are the lone people capable of experience. Many of these contradictory impressions do non work within the context of the solipsist universe position, and therefore look at first to work against Sass? important comparing between schizophrenic disorder and solipsism. However, Sass proposes that the contradictory nature of the schizophrenic experience does non sabotage its close relation to solipsism, but instead demonstrates the propinquity of schizophrenic disorder to the inherently contradictory nature of solipsism itself. Schizophrenics typically oscillate persistently between a feeling of being a practical maestro of the existence and a belief that their very being is in some manner inconsequential. ? Schreber senses at times that his boundaries extend to the terminals of the existence: ? It appeared that nerves-probably taken from my body-were strung over the whole heavenly vault. ? But he besides feels that he is bantam, and about nonexistent being lost in the enormousness of space. ? ( p.65 ) While the latter may look to belie Sass? nexus between the schizophrenic delusional universe and the solipsist apprehension of world, Sass explains that if we merely follow Wittgenstein? s statement against the solipsistic point of view, we see that even in ego contradiction, the schizophrenic world may keep it? s near connexion with solipsism. A solipsist begins by believing in his cardinal, commanding function of the existence. Gazing and intense concentration give a individual the feeling that? merely me experience of the present minute is real. ? ( p.67 ) But, as Wittgenstein explains, if a individual follows the solipsist rules carefully, he will shortly recognize that he is does non see himself in his being, even though his experience is all that truly is. ? If he closely size up his experiences-which # 8230 ; are all that exists-he must acknowledge that he does non happen himself at that place. ? He goes farther to state that if a solipsist did see himself in his universe, it could merely be as an object of that universe, which is, in affect, a merchandise of ideas and thoughts. He can non, from this experience, confirm his omnipotence. ? # 8230 ; even if one did see oneself within one? s experience, that self, being within the phenomenal field, could be merely as an object, non in the function of the all powerful representing subjectiveness for which the solipsist yearns # 8230 ; ? ( p.68 ) Furthermore, since the solipsist believe the lone world is that which is perceived, and since he can non comprehend himself as anything but an object of his ain consciousness, it is necessary for the solipsist to believe there is another witting being which perceives him as an object, therefore corroborating his object world. But this grant besides undermines the primary dogma of his world being the lone world. With all of this in head, it seems clear that the schizophrenic patients could intelligibly experience both all and nil at the same clip. In Schreber? s instance, Sass points out, his? sense of being the solipsistic centre occurred at those minutes when he was besides sing the contradictory presence of another mind. ? ( p.73 ) The? one? whom Schreber speaks of so often is by and large a truster in the thought that Schreber creates the universe around him. This besides gives penetration into the typical schizophrenic? loss of ego, ? that is, the felling that one? s ideas are belong to some other consciousness or no 1 at all. This could besides be related to the feeling which schizophrenics have of some foreign power commanding the way of their regard. By showing that schizophrenic disorder mirrors a philosophic impression like solipsism, Sass successfully illustrates that it is non wholly accurate to believe in schizophrenic disorder as a province of irrationality. While one might right province that solipsism is in some manner unlogical and unreasonable in and of itself, it would be still be sensible to reason that there is some built-in logic or ground in the find of this built-in self-contradiction. If something is self-contradicting by nature, it is logical to reason that this is unlogical, and therefore we should non see schizophrenic disorder as irrationality because there is a kind of logic to its unlogical nature. Within the context of solipsism, it makes perfect, logical sense that a individual should experience Godheads and powerless at the same clip. It would look so, that schizophrenic disorder is, in a sense, the inconsequence of solipsism taken to it? s logical decision. Part of the ground Sass? decision makes so much sense is the simple fact that much of what the schizophrenics do does non look or sound like irrationality, but instead like a preoccupation or compulsion with ground itself. They invariably examine and size up every facet of themselves and their being. They do mental cheques and rechecks to do certain they are really take parting in the activity which they believe they are. They overanalyze every facet of normal human procedures and nature, and hunt for the ground and account behind every vellication and jitter, every sound their organic structure makes. Their manner of though is non unreason but over-reason, in which they frequently concentrate on one object for so long that it begins to take on a phantasmagoric quality within a individual? s ain head. As Sass points out, ? it is important that schizophrenic patients frequently do describe that executing some action or interaction with others makes their uneven perceptual experiences disappear-that when they comb their hair or shovel snow # 8230 ; the universe turns normal once more, at least for a time. ? ( p.113 ) This suggests that when a schizophrenic individual removes himself from the inactive universe, he has the ability to halt the delusions-the psychotic beliefs are at least partly a consequence of over analysis of the consensual universe. Schreber attempts to get away this universe of? compulsive thought, ? but can non. We must besides take into consideration another of import facet of schizophrenic disorder which Sass points out, viz. , ? eldritch particularity. ? Schizophrenics frequently view the universe with a ageless feeling that everything is go oning for a peculiar ground, that every action and happening points to something else. Unfortunately, they seldom know what such things point to, or why certain happenings are of import: they merely know that they are. ? A patient may see a Canis familiaris raising its left paw # 8230 ; or notices a ruddy pickup truck parked on a span under which he is about to go through. At the same clip, he feels perfectly sure that this is non an inadvertent occurrence # 8230 ; as if there were something merely excessively precise # 8230 ; ? ( p.100 ) This construct of world, in which a individual feels that everything he sees is slightly symbolic or declarative of something else, helps us to understand why schizophrenics have such jobs confronting the nonsubjective universe in a non-metaphorical sense. It besides sheds visible radiation on the desire of the schizophrenic to invariably analyse everything for meaning-while he has a cardinal belief that every event has significance or a intent, he does non cognize what that intent or significance is, and therefore hunts for it merely as any sane individual would make in such a state of affairs. Though their accounts for things do non ever jive with nonsubjective world, yet this surely does non intend that their whole idea procedure is unlogical. Their manner of ground works absolutely within their ain delusional world-we as sane people seem to miss the desire to come in this universe, though clearly accessible by basic use of a philosophic principle. More frequently than non a schizophrenic knows what he says doesn? T average anything to you-this shows non merely an apprehension of this world but a cardinal apprehension of their ain. 346

Strategic Theory Essay Example

Strategic Theory Essay Given the sea-change in warfare which has seemingly taken place since the publication of Clausewitz On War in the first half of the nineteenth century, it is logical to wonder whether or not the principles detailed in   On War comprise a suitable framework for discussion of modern warfare. Interestingly enough, Clausewitz himself divided the elements of war into distinctive categories: objective and subjective with which he hoped to describe those elements or qualities that every war has in common (such as friction and chance), as objective while subjective was used to infer those qualities that vary from war to war, such as the types of armed forces employed and their weapons and tactics. This distinction demonstrate that Clausewitz intended for hsi theories to bridge the gaps in time between his articulation of them and a later reading or study of his principles.   (Echevarria and Gray 2005) That said, it remains quite topical to ask: what role do Clausewitzs exhaustive theories on war play in modern considerations of warfare and, also, do Clausewitzs theories regarding war provide any useful paradigms or wisdom regarding the projection of warfare into humanitys future, beyond even our own contemporary times? To complicate matters, though Clausewitz did distinguish between objective and subjective elements in warfare, nowhere did he that the objective nature of war does not or cannot change; on the contrary: Clausewitz seems to suggest that warfare is more than a simple chameleon that only partially changes its nature from case to case with the implication that while there may be some definite underlying principles of warfare which extend unchanged to some degree throughout history, these aspects may also change color and not prove as reliably predicted or abstracted as one would hope. (Echevarria and Gray 2005) We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Before probing the densities of Clausewitzs specific theories and principles of warfare as explicated in   On War for their   possible or probable relevance to present or future wars, it will prove useful to specifically determine just what aspects of modern warfare present the most challenging paradigm through which to view the theories presented in On War.   To begin, Kaldors the idea of old wars versus new wars is a relatively simple categorization:   with old standing   for a stereotyped version of war, drawn from the experience of the last two centuries in Europe, in which war consisted of a conflict between two symmetrical warring parties, generally states or proto-states with legitimate interests, and new wars standing for forms of war which adhere to asymmetrical models and produce more ambiguous forms of victory and defeat. Another distinction between old wars and new wars is that of potential destructiveness with the increase in the destructiveness and accuracy of all forms of military technology, as a consequence of the Clausewitzean logic of extremes, foisting an era which has made symmetrical war, war between similarly armed opponents, increasingly difficult. (Kaldor 2005, 210-211) While it seems obvious that modern asymmetrically based warfare has put a superficial strain on Clausewitzs overt definition of warfare as an act of force to compel our adversary to do our will; however, even when modern warfare is dissected for its potential variances from classical warfare, the net result may still be a potential fit for Clausewitzs aphoristic statement.     (Clausewitz 1950, 5) To some observers, modern warfare   can be defined in terms of identity politics, that is to say, the claim to control the state or bits of the state in the name of an exclusive group identified in terms of ethnicity, religion or tribe which yet comprises an attempt to compel an adversary by force to do our will although this type of exclusive politics, whether based on ethnicity, religion or clan, can be contrasted with universalistic ideologies like earlier liberal nationalism or socialism, which proposed a state-building project for the entire population and can, instead be regarded as expressions of will which originate outside of the nation-state. (Kaldor 2005, 212) However designated, acts of force in modern warfare adhere to Clausewitzs underlying and unifying principles of objective and subjective war.   At influence here also is the contrasts between strategic and tactical goals and practices. A superficial change in tactics, or even a radical shift in tactics, will not and should not be regarded as a change in the fundamental goals or elements of warfare. Since tactics teach the use of the armed forces in engagements, and strategy the use of engagements to attain the object of the war. (Clausewitz 1950, 62) The goal of war is to attain the strategic ends of the particular war: there is no single goal, no single purpose which can be said to encompass all wars; however victory and defeat can be defined as the measurement of whether or not a wars given strategic goals have been attained, regardless of the impetus, duration, or tactics involved in the overall prosecution of the war. In some instances, the goal of war will be the destruction of his [the enemys] military forces and the conquest of his provinces; in other wars, the strategic goal may be simply to cause the enemy to rethink his own position and strategy: If we attack the enemys forces, it is a very different thing whether we intend to follow up the first blow with a succession of others, until the whole force is destroyed, or whether we mean to content ourselves with one victory in order to shatter the enemys feeling of security, to give him a feeling of our superiority, and so to instil into him apprehensions about the future. (Clausewitz 1950, 21) These are two examples which span a good bit of the known strategic objectives of war or even the initiation of a single battle; they are not exhaustive examples and although they do represent divergent objectives, they also represent a simplification of historical evolution, along the lines of the old war new war paradigm and are meant simply to elucid ate the changeable nature of Clausewitzs over-reaching theories or at least the adaptability of these theories into a more modern setting. In modern wars, it may be more difficult to distinguish an offensive action from a defensive action. The American invasion of Iraq, for example, has applications as a defensive tactic in the larger strategic picture of the war on terror but the specific engagement on the ground in Iraq involves an exchange of offensive and defensive tactics depending on the specific engagement and circumstances of individual battles.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Seen from the side of Americas enemies, the war in Iraq finds a fitting expression by Clausewitz on dissipating what comprises the enemys strength: The enemys expenditure of strength lies in the wastage of his forces, consequently in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   destruction of them on our part, and in the loss of provinces, consequently the conquest of them by us. (Clausewitz 1950, 22) Strictly speaking, Clausewitz viewed defensive strategy as only a partial articulation of an overall war-strategy. His suggestion is that defense is really a tactical element: What is the conception of defense? The warding off of a blow. What then is its characteristic sign? The awaiting of this blow. This is the sign which makes any act a defensive one, and by this sign alone can defense be distinguished from attack in war however, Clausewitz is careful to point out that the use of defensive tactics alone completely contradicts the conception of war, because there would then be war carried on by one side only, it follows that defense in war can only be relative, and the above characteristic sign must therefore only be applied to the conception as a whole; it must not be extended to all parts of it. (Clausewitz 1950, 317) On the other hand, attacks in warfare provide the most direct extension of   Clausewitzs definition of warfare as   an act of force to compel our adversary to do our will and as such, the attack in Clausewitzs theories of war implies that the attacker either possesses the initiative in a given struggle or believes he does, or hopes to win initiative back through the use of an attack. Attacks, like defense, are a a prat of overall war strategy and seldom, if ever, comprise the pure totality of a given war strategy. In fact, as related above regarding the US invasion of Iraq single actions in a given campaign may be regarded as attacks in tactical connection, but defensive blows in relation to overall strategy. Both offense and defense must be regarded under Clausewitzs detailed analysis and definition of strategy: Strategy is the use of the engagement to attain the object of the war. It must therefore   Ã‚  Ã‚   give an aim to the whole military action, which aim must be in accordance with the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   object of the war. In other words, strategy maps out the plan of the war, and to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   aforesaid aim it affixes the series of acts which are to lead to it; that is, it makes the plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for the separate campaigns and arranges the engagements to be fought in each of them.                                   (Clausewitz 1950, 117) Implied in the above definition, which is also an implication of the goals of warfare, is the idea that prolonged struggle between opposing forces produces a series of engagements: some offensive, some defensive in nature and that the execution of tactical modes is a crucial aspect of whether or not success within the subjective ramifications of victory will be achieved by any side in a prolonged struggle. In this way, duration factors as one of the underlying elements of warfare in Clausewitzs theories. There can be no exact determination of the duration of any given war before its actual fighting: The duration of an engagement is necessarily bound up with its essential conditions. These conditions are: absolute amount of strength, relation in strength and arms between the two sides, and the nature of the country; however, extrapolation of probable duration from pre-engagement factors is only guesswork: a battle will dictate its own duration. (Clausewitz 1950, 187) That said, some expectations can be gleaned: A cavalry engagement is decided sooner than an infantry engagement; and an engagement entirely between infantry more quickly than if artillery is present; in mountains and forests we do not advance as quickly as on level ground. All this is clear enough if still shrouded in possible unknown contingencies.   However, knowing the probable duration of a given engagement can be of great help in determining tactical execution in battle, proper. (Clausewitz 1950, 187) In general, a long war is less desirable than a short war because a long war   represents the obstruction of a single victorious party in any given state of opposition, puts strain on the military forces, and dictates that many engagements, rather than few, will be resultant in the ensuing campaign. Since one hopes to achieve ones objectives in warfare as quickly as possible so as to prevent the possibility of some kind of unforeseen contingency or drastic change in conditions. Despite this generalization, Clausewitz is careful to point out that there is no question at all here of scientific formulas and problems. The relations of the material things are all very simple. The comprehension of the moral forces which come into play is more difficult. Still, even in respect to these, it is only in the highest branches of strategy that intellectual complications and a great diversity of quantities and relations are to be looked for suggesting that in prolonged struggles   as in those of short duration, the leadership roles and moral authority of the combatants in question plays a decisive role in the outcome of such engagements. (Clausewitz 1950, 118) This alter observation offers the modern reader an important insight into the fluidity of Clausewitzs paradigms which seem to partake of the objvctive only insomuch as they become insulated from the damaging influences of time and historical advancement in military theory. Clausewitzs observation that due to the aforementioned moral considerations, strategy borders on politics and statesmanship, or rather it becomes both itself, and, as we have observed before, these have more influence on how much or how little is to be done than on how it is to be executed and this observation, apart from Clausewitzs exhaustive and precise explication of the fundamentals of warfare at a tactical and strategic level, may stand as the most important of all for the modern student. Clausewitzs conclusion regarding the moral influences of war may seem, far and away beyond his notions of objective and subjective or his definitions of the means and ends of warfare, as the most antiquated notion of all.   However, his admonition that the execution of war lies somewhat beyond its moral or political causes is clear when he states that in the single acts of war both great and small, the mental and moral quantities are already reduced to a very small number. (Clausewitz 1950, 118) In conclusion, Clausewitzs On war offers the modern reader an uncannily prescient vision of modern war and its paradigms. The interested student will leave Clausewitzs writings with a much deeper understanding of the objective and subjective criteria which define and occasion armed conflict and it seems prudent to suggest that the definitions of warfare and the definitions of tactics and strategy forwarded by Clausewitz have increased rather than decreased in relevancy over the intervening centuries.

The Civil Rights Movement/ Black Panther Party Essays -

The Civil Rights Movement/ Black Panther Party Most of us, being United States citizens, would like to believe that everyone in this country is living in conditions of utmost freedom and equality. Although according to the constitution this is true, anyone who has ever been the victim of oppression knows not to take equality for granted. Our society has slowly grown to accept the different types of people that live in our country; it is now a lot less common to see people's rights such as freedom and equality being abused. However, the influences of the past, when the living conditions were far less then equal for many groups of people, can still be witnessed today. A fine example of this could be seen through the way in which housing discrimination led to the colonization of Blacks into their own neighborhoods and communities, which eventually led to the creation of ghettos and gangs. Racism, in itself, is a belief that a person holds; it forces another being to be placed at a lower status within one's mind and in the society as a whole. Keeping Blacks and other minorities at a lower level was the principal state of mind for many of the whites during the early part of the twentieth century. This kind of mentality exists in our society till this day among certain groups of people. The cold and harsh manner with which the Blacks were treated takes us all the way back to slavery. Back in those days the majority of this country's population accepted it. The oppressed African Americans eventually began to become more organized and started to fight for the civil rights they deserved as citizens of the United States. Despite the attempts of the Civil Rights Movement, much damage was already done; unfortunately many minds were already tarnished with negative images of what the Black person was and could ever be. In spite of the fact that many Black people were working tow ards moving up and making a life for themselves, racism continuously kept them from advancing in the society. In the early part of the twentieth century racism placed a strong precedent for the way in which Blacks are today. After the civil war more and more free Blacks began to migrate north. They were seeking the possibility of ?better social and economic opportunities? (Abrams 10). The high hopes were soon brought back down, as the Blacks were welcomed to the cities by the overwhelming mentality of the masters looking down on their slaves. They encountered landlord after landlord turning them away because of their unwillingness to rent to Blacks and other newly migrated minorities. It was this constant refusal to integrate housing that eventually caused the creation of minority driven neighborhoods. Since the majority of the whites turned their backs on Blacks and the other minorities, African Americans were forced into forming the types of communities that contained people of their race and poor financial state. Many of them came looking to move ahead in their new lives that they were recently granted by the constitution; but they were only pushed to join the fairly new neighborhoods, which were slums compared to those inhabited by the dominating white residences. The reason for this type of segregation could be explained as another tool of racism for the white man's advantage. The effects of these neighborhoods were more damaging then the simple prevention of Blacks and other minorities from integrating with the whites. By zoning the individual into compartments determined by color, it excluded the opportunity for a fusion of interests. By confining children to separate neighborhood schools and playgrounds, it sharpened the lines of distinction and developed illusions of superiority?It was in housing that segregation received its greatest impetus and momentum. Once rooted there the segregation pattern spread unattested until the Negro ghetto became an accepted part of the American landscape (Abrams 7). ?Local authorities used every available weapon to keep the blacks divided; housing was simply the physical expression of this racial policy? (Rudwick 10). Even if a family was able to afford housing in a predominantly white neighborhood, they were still not allowed to move in there. Despite the slow improvement of their economic status Blacks

Free Essays on The Evolution Of Mickey Mouse

The Evolution of Mickey Mouse According to John Updike, Mickey Mouse has become â€Å" the most persistent and pervasive figment of American popular culture in this century.† I was curious what had led this cartoon mouse to become the icon of Americanism that he is today. Over time, Mickey has changed into an ideal, an exemplification of Americana. Most characters have both good and bad qualities, virtues and vices, this is what makes them human, what allows us to relate, but Mickey has no downfalls, he remains â€Å"the perfect gentleman.† Mickey’s evolutions, both physical and characteristic, have helped him to become the icon he is today. Mickey Mouse was born in 1928 on a train ride from New York to the West Coast. Walt Disney an animator who had just lost the rights to his creation Oswald the Rabbit and needed a new character. He remembered the field mice that used to live in his studio and so it was that Walt Disney created one of the world’s most familiar and beloved characters. The original Mickey, however, was not the same mouse that today’s children adore. Wearing only shorts and shoes with a long tail behind, he wasn’t the upstanding theme park proprietor we know now. If you have seen his debut film, â€Å"Steamboat Willie† in 1928, Mickey was actually more naughty than nice. In the cartoon, he terrorizes ducks, plays the teeth of a cow as a xylophone, and winds the tail of a goat like a crank. In the first cartoon, the similarities between Mickey and the mischievous Charley Chaplin that Updike references are obvious. With feedback from the public, Mickey became more human and less of a troublemaker. He was a kinder, gentler mouse. The physicality changed along with the attitude. Mickey was given gloves to make him more human and he was fleshed out a little more. His nose became rounder and shorter, less rodent-like, and his feet got larger. In this time period he appears to become more child-like, and ... Free Essays on The Evolution Of Mickey Mouse Free Essays on The Evolution Of Mickey Mouse The Evolution of Mickey Mouse According to John Updike, Mickey Mouse has become â€Å" the most persistent and pervasive figment of American popular culture in this century.† I was curious what had led this cartoon mouse to become the icon of Americanism that he is today. Over time, Mickey has changed into an ideal, an exemplification of Americana. Most characters have both good and bad qualities, virtues and vices, this is what makes them human, what allows us to relate, but Mickey has no downfalls, he remains â€Å"the perfect gentleman.† Mickey’s evolutions, both physical and characteristic, have helped him to become the icon he is today. Mickey Mouse was born in 1928 on a train ride from New York to the West Coast. Walt Disney an animator who had just lost the rights to his creation Oswald the Rabbit and needed a new character. He remembered the field mice that used to live in his studio and so it was that Walt Disney created one of the world’s most familiar and beloved characters. The original Mickey, however, was not the same mouse that today’s children adore. Wearing only shorts and shoes with a long tail behind, he wasn’t the upstanding theme park proprietor we know now. If you have seen his debut film, â€Å"Steamboat Willie† in 1928, Mickey was actually more naughty than nice. In the cartoon, he terrorizes ducks, plays the teeth of a cow as a xylophone, and winds the tail of a goat like a crank. In the first cartoon, the similarities between Mickey and the mischievous Charley Chaplin that Updike references are obvious. With feedback from the public, Mickey became more human and less of a troublemaker. He was a kinder, gentler mouse. The physicality changed along with the attitude. Mickey was given gloves to make him more human and he was fleshed out a little more. His nose became rounder and shorter, less rodent-like, and his feet got larger. In this time period he appears to become more child-like, and ...

Regulatory and Accreditation Body in Nursing Education Paper Essay

Regulatory and Accreditation Body in Nursing Education Paper - Essay Example sion is â€Å"protect and promote the welfare of the people of Texas by ensuring that each person holding a license as a nurse in the State of Texas is competent to practice safely.† The mission of the Board of Texas is fulfilled through nursing practice regulation and nursing education program approvals. BNE approval is the key for the graduates to take the NCLEX. Based on the Nursing Practice Act (NPA), the Vocational Nursing Education and Professional Nursing Education provide rules and regulations for programs of nursing education to ascertain that the graduates can practice competently and safely. Texas nursing education program is approved by Texas BNE that are compliant with their rules and regulations (The Regulation of Nursing Education Programs in Texas, 2008). On the other hand, colleges and universities who are accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools / Commission on Colleges are constantly monitored for improvement of education system (SACS, 2006). The Commission on Colleges is the College Delegate Assembly representative body and is in charge in carrying out the process of accreditation (SACS, 2006). BNE protects the public as well as the faculty and students who receive nursing care and nursing education program. The approval of BNE safeguards the preparation of nurses by assuring that standards of nursing practice are learned by students through sound education and licensure exam eligibility. The approval of BNE on nursing education programs ensures that the curriculum and program outcomes prepare students to demonstrate the Differential Entry Level Competencies (DELC), and is the core requirement for mandatory approval by other regulatory agencies and voluntary accreditation (The Regulation of Nursing Education Programs in Texas, 2008). The Commission on Colleges is the College Delegate Assembly and is the regional body for accreditation of degree - granting higher education institutions in the Southern States. Its purpose is to

The Invention of the television in the US Research Paper

The Invention of the television in the US - Research Paper Example As it was invented television used combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture and display images but as the technology advanced, then more developments took place. The history of television date back in 1884 where Paul Gottlieb a German university student aged 23 came up with an electromechanical television system that employed a scanning disk. As the time went by, more improvement of television was being done for example in 1927 a Russian inventor by the name Leon Theremin developed a mirror drum based television and on the same year Philo Farnsworth came up with the first working television system that had to scan the images and on the same time display the device (Tedham, 1937). This was first displayed in the press in 1928 and thus paved way to broadcasting. The first working television made Germany and United States governments to sign an agreement to exchange their television patents and technology so that the speed of development could be achieve d in many countries thus having transmitters and stations in their respective countries. In 1936, the first BBC started to transmit the first public services that amazed many people in all corners of the world. In 1939, United States started came up with more television technologies despite signing of agreements with the Germany government though the Second World War prevented the development to take place on large scale. This meant that United States had to wait until the end of the Second World War. In 1948, the use of television was in large scale in United States and thus coming up with a true regular commercial television that used programming and thus immergence of legendary people who could broadcast and model among other things (Alan, 1940). This made the ownership of television to increase year by year for example United States had a 96.7% ownership in 1995 and majority of people having more than one

Competition in the Bottled Water Industry in 2006 Essay

Competition in the Bottled Water Industry in 2006 - Essay Example The bottled water industry has expansively grown over the years. In the US, people consume billions of bottles of water, each week. On the average, the American population use close to $16 billion dollars on bottled water. It is expected that by the year 2020, the industry will account for $148 billion, from the $70 billion in 2005. The growth rate of the bottled water industry is remains positive, because most companies are increasingly shifting from bulk productions to bottled water (McEachern 130). Here, there are different competitors, who compete to be the best in the market. The key competitors, Nestle, Pepsi, Coca Cola, and Groupe Danone have developed effective strategies, which have made them to remain key players in the industry. Therefore, it is challenging for local sellers to compete with them. There are new entrants, and these introduce lower prices in order to compete favorably. A new trend in the bottled water industry is the production of the â€Å"enhanced waters.à ¢â‚¬  This are highly priced, thus, more profits for producing companies. The bottled water industry faced a high threat of substitute products. These mostly include the healthier products. Flavored water, vitamin added water, and non-calories water is the key substitute products of bottled water. ... Furthermore, the bargaining power of suppliers is quite low. This is because of the large number of existing suppliers in the industry. Similarly, the bargaining power of customers is medium. Since water is a basic commodity, consumers will not cease buying it due to increased prices; however, they can choose different brands from the available producers. Intense competition in the industry is a major competitive force in the industry. This is owing to the fact that the number of key global competitors in the industry is small. In addition, new entrants in the industry might base on the fierce competition to compete aggressively using product pricing. Furthermore, differentiation is an important factor in the bottled water industry. Therefore, developing the product is important in order to beat competition, as a new entrant. Nonetheless, basing on these factors, this industry is attractive for both the existing and new entrants, as long as they adopt effective strategies to counter competition. The major competitors in the bottled industry use different strategies to remain relevant in the market. Nestle is the world’s leading seller of bottled water. In 2005, this company had a market share of 18.3%. By 2004, this had 77 brands in 130 countries. The major strategies for this company are its low product pricing, and entering into joint ventures. Additionally, the production of enhanced waters since 2006 has boosted its profits. On the other hand, Dasani, the brand of Coca Cola, has also enabled the company to make great profits. In 2005, Coca Cola Company invested $20 million in the advertisement of Dasani, and distributed to all retail channels of Coca Cola Company. In 2006, Coca Cola diversified Dasani brand to include fruit-flavor.

Settlers Effect On The Plains Indians History Essay

Settlers Effect On The Plains Indians History Essay The new railroads in the West occasioned by the Civil War opened up the area to economic development and new settlers. American settlers from the East entered via the Mississippi to ranch farm and mine. Native American settlers also poured from Deep South after being convinced that prosperity was only found in the West. Chinese workers constructing the railroads worsened diversity of the population in this region. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on their lands and wiped out herds of American bison. The industry of cattle blossomed as the railroads provided a means of transport to market the cattle (Josephy 32). The lives of African-Americans residing in the west were drastically affected by the increase in white settlement and disappearing of bison. Civil conflicts led to occasional victories by the American Indians despite great US military force and the large number of white settlers. By mid 1980s, over 50% of American Indians had been pushed into reservation areas that least appealed to the white settlers. Because of the civil war, there was a huge traffic of people entering the West Mississippi. These people originated from Midwest and East as well as Asia and Europe. Millions of people had been lured by the promise of riches from gold mines, cheap lands and the imagination of a better living style. The new railroads offered a new means of transportation for the settlers while some of them sailed in order to arrive to the west coast. They settled on the Great Basin, Great Plains, and South West, enduring disillusionment, danger, and hardship. By 20th Century, the white settlers had acquired new homesteads, industries, and communities. Some of them became greatly successful although most of the settlers did not succeed in achieving the wealth they desired (Trigger and Wilcomb 22). Since the arrival of the white settlers, there was a misunderstanding between them and the Indians. For example, non-Indians did not recognize the religious practices of the native tribes, which include worshiping of animal and plant spirits. In addition, the Plain Indians believed in a complicated system of Kinship based on extended families: the settlers could not comprehend this. Such cultural differences made the white settlers view native people as barriers too civilization (Smith and Allen 47). As the Americans organized new states and territories in the West, it gave a clear indication that Native Americans were prohibited from roaming over the land occupied by non-natives. The US policy aimed at establishing small pieces of land for different tribes and motivated them to practice agriculture. While some tribes peacefully settled on the reservations, most of them were resistant and did not give up their way of life and their lands (Philip 18). Losing the bison on the Great Plains was a huge threat to the survival of Indians than the battle with the US army. The American Indians relied on the bison as a source of fuel, shelter, clothing, and food. Although the destruction of the bison was not under the federal policy, the practice was approved by army commanders as a way of destroying key aspects of the Indian life. Besides, hunters were hired along the railroads killing wildlife animals whilst providing food to the workers of the transcontinental lines. After the completion of the railroads, the settlers used chartered cars to shoot the bison. As of 1975, they had killed millions of bison, which provided material for hides in the East. After a decade, the bison species became extinct. This situation was worsened because they had abandoned their nomadic lifestyle. As a result, the Indians had no option but to accept living on the reservations (McNickle 52). The system of reserving Indians on small pieces of land did not succeed. Most of the families were reserved on marginal lands that made it impossible for them to develop farming practices that could sustain them. The government could not fulfill its promise of supplying them with food and other needs. This made the government abandon its hard held policy of viewing the tribes as sovereign states. The purpose of the new land was to promote farming among the native tribes through breaking the reservations (American Journey 547). The policy allowed the land to be distributed per each household. After the distribution, citizenship and title of ownership was given to each owner. However, this was not done to all the members of the native tribes. The reserved land that had not been allocated to the native Americans were sold to interested people. Although this was a humanitarian reform, the US policy did not recognize the communal lifestyle of Native Americans: this led to the loss of mill ions of acres of land belonging to the Indians (Smith and Allen 39). The Plains Indian tribes were desperate and had an urge to restore their past; they were attracted to the Ghost Dance: a religious group. This movement had promised them that it would protect them from the white settlers, and the bullets of the American soldiers. It had also promised to bring the herds of Bison back. Efforts of reviving cultural practices of the Native Americans raised concerns among the US army and the settlers. This is because they were worried that it would increase the Indian resistance. When the US army failed to ban the Ghost Dance Movement, they adopted methods that are more aggressive. As of 1980, the US military had killed over 300 children, women, and men. This led a confrontation that marked of Plains Indian resistance (Trigger and Wilcomb 30). In the beginning of 19th Century, the American government decided that it would use treaties to solve the conflict between non-Indian settlers and the Plains Indian tribes. These treaties were meant to restrict the Native American tribes from moving to certain regions. Later, the federal government established a permanent frontier where displaced eastern tribes could live. In 1854, the US government reserved a vast region for the settlers (McNickle 72). Plains Indians were reserved and pressurized to embrace change. They deployed new resistant strategies but did not succeed. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on their lands and wiped out herds of American bison. The cattle industry blossomed because the railroads provided a means of transport to market the cattle. However, they have demonstrated their skills in adapting to change and hardship while using the most available opportunity. They have worked for wages, traded, hunted, protested, lobbied, prayed, danced, made war, ranched and farmed. Using their adaptive approaches, the Plains Indians have maintained themselves as unique population despite the challenges (Smith and Allen 20). Work Cited Josephy, Alvin. America in 1492: The World of the Indian People before the Arrival of Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2002. History Reference Center. McNickle, DArcy. Native American Tribalism: Indian Survivals and Renewals. London: Oxford University Press, 2003 JSTOR. Philip, Kenneth. John Colliers Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1954. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007 Print. Smith, Paul, and Allen Robert. Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. 2006 New York Times Historical Database. Trigger, Bruce and Wilcomb Washburn, eds. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Print. The American Journey. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2011. Print.

Weapons of the Middle Ages :: History

Weapons of the Middle Ages Have you ever wondered what kinds of weapons were used in the middle ages? Or have you wondered how they used to slash and bash through the heavily armored knights while being attacked by flying arrows by the longbowman? Well here are the answers There were a wide variety of weapons in the middle ages, one of which was the club. The club was mainly used to crush bones or fracture them. It was made of a light wood with a metal tip on the end and usually had spikes on them to inflict more damage. The club is the first melee weapon ever made and started in the Stone Age to kill deer or wild boar. As ages went by the club became less effective. After about 1400 A.D. the club was very rare to find in battle. What was interesting about the club is that it could easily be changed into a short-handled ax. All they had to do was either cut or take off the tip of the club and attach a sharp blade. The reason they sometimes changed the club into a short-handled ax, was because it could be throw n easily and inflict some pain, where the club when thrown, it was hard to throw and it inflicted little pain and damage. Another very useful weapon was the spear. The spear was a skirmisher’s best friend. A skirmisher was a soldier that carried around a bag full of spears. To keep from giving too much weight, they made the spear for the skirmishers with very lightweight wood, and a small pointy spearhead. The skirmisher’s job was to take the spears and throw them at a long range. The difference between a bow and arrow and a spear was that the spear could easily be turned into a melee weapon. In fact, when a skirmisher had only one spear left, he took the spear, left the bag, and went melee style and went into the battle. The first spear was simply a sharpened rock tied onto a long stick, which was in the Stone Age, and wasn’t used for killing people; it was used to kill animals for food, usually. Probably the most common weapon, was the sword. All kinds of swords, the standard sword, which was just a regular sword, the dagger, or knife, yes it was a type of sword, mainly a backup sword used if a soldier’s weapon was dropped, and the great sword, which was a huge sword that can only be used in control if the soldier used two hands.

Confucionism vs Legalism Essay

Amidst the chaos of political instability and constant warfare during ChinaÊ ¼s Period of Warring States, two new philosophies emerged. Legalism and Confucianism were two of the philosophies intellectual thinkers developed to try and stop the mayhem of China before it could be conquered by a greater nation. â€Å"Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later signiï ¬ cant philosophies such as and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political society where the many problems they faced in their everyday lives could be eliminated.† Both approaches were very distinct, but at the same time they contained certain similarities as well. Confucianism disfavored a harsh government. Confucius urged to lead the people with virtue and rituals as opposed to government policies and punishments. He believed that the ruler should gain respect through his deeds rather than achieving it through his status and authority. Confucianists disliked government that employed killing and wished for a non aggressive rule. They believed individuals should foster compassion, humility and moderation for a successful society, whereas Legalism believed the people should be controlled by fear and aggression. Legalists had a ruthless approach to crimes and even the smallest of unlawful acts resulted in harsh punishment. Legalism and Confucianism both provided structure and stability for the time they were used. Out of Legalism and Confucianism, Legalism was a success in the sense that it achieved what the other desperately strove for – the uniï ¬ cation of China. Even though it only lasted twelve years. â€Å"Many of the Legalist ideas were quite thought provoking and praiseworthy; they believed in equality for all and government according to merit. However, the system gained a rotten reputation according to the ruthless rule of the First  Emperor. Confucianism thus became the ofï ¬ cial Philosophy, gaining wide acceptance in China.† The Confucian and Legalist governments had very different morals in which their people should be treated. In Confucian government a ruler had to lead by example and be an overall virtuous person for his subjects to obey him. Government existed for the  beneï ¬ t of the people, not the other way around. People should love each other and treat everyone with respect. In Legalist government the people are there to serve the government. People are ruled by fear and violence. Citizen should not focus on being loving and caring. Instead, they should spy on everyone around them and report and law breaking. â€Å"According to them, a strong rule with a strict hand was necessary in order to keep the citizens from growing lazy and disrespecting the authority.† â€Å"One central issue which interested ancient Chinese thinkers was how to regulate human relations and how to govern a country.† Under the Qin dynasty Legalism achieved what many other philosophies wished- control and uniï ¬ cation of China. Similarities united the two because they had a single goal, but different strategies to fulï ¬ ll it. After multiple rebellions against Legalist rule, Confucianism dominated the competition and accomplished the structure and stability that was needed for a successful and evolving civilization. Site used: http://www.international-relations.com/wbcm5-1/wbrule.htm

Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk The WritePass Journal

Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk Abstract Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk ). In 2009, 44% of the minority ethnic students attended post-1992 universities and only 8% joined Russel Group Universities (Runnymede Trust 2012). On the other hand, a large proportion of the white students attended prestigious universities. Unlike the black students, a vast majority of the white students (24%) joined Russell Group Universities (Runnymede Trust 2012). These trends have significant implications on the earnings and employment prospects of the black minority graduate students. The media also seems to contribute to their discrimination. Media is known to make vast exaggerations and sensationalizing events surrounding black youth crime, attaching a level of drama to make it newsworthy (Okoronkwo 2008). As noted by Dorfman (2001), 86% of white homicides are caused by the Caucasians yet only the least frequent killings-homicides that involve the black youth receive the most coverage. The recent 2007 killings of Kodjo Yenga and Adam Regis received vast coverage, with the media depicting the black community as highly dangerous (Okoronkwo 2008). The two deaths were central to the media reporting on the rise of knife and gun crime amongst the black community (Okoronkwo 2008). But is crime really that bad amongst the black community compared to the white? Is media portrayal of the black youth crime in the UK exaggerated? Moreover, is the moral panic really justified? Black youths are also to blame The problem facing most of the black youth in the UK has loomed largely not only in media but also in academic research with many researchers highlighting the moral panic about drug dealing, rioting, mugging and knife and gun violence among others (Gunter 2010). However, this does not mean that the black youth groups are totally blameless. Whilst it is true that they are increasingly marginalized in many areas, it is also true that some of the black youth are influenced by popular youth cultures associated with the development of aggressive behaviours and those that perpetuate black stereotypes (Simpson 2012). A considerable proportion of them appear to perpetuate the black stereotype through their ignorance and idleness (Simpson 2012). Some appear to be driven by celebrity glamour, demanding materialistic gratification without putting any effort to achieve such success (Simpson 2012).   Some of them prefer spending their money and time on material goods rather than their vocational courses (Simpson 2012). Others appear to chase a get-rich-quick scheme and those that try to seek employment are often quick to lose hope at the first failure (Simpson 2012). But of course, this is by no means limited to the black youth. This is also evident in the white and Asian youth groups. Overall, the black youths appear to be marginalized in the various areas discussed above. There is need for anti-oppressive practice to address the discrimination of black youths in the UK. Part 2: How anti-oppressive practice can address the discrimination of black youths in UK As defined by Dalrymple (2006), anti-oppressive practice involves recognizing the power imbalances and working towards promotion of change to redress the balance of power and to challenge the wider injustices in the society. Anti-oppressive practice is based on the recognition that: Society creates divisions based on gender, sexual orientation, race, identity and class (Wood Hine 2009) Some groups of people are believed to be more superior than others (Wood Hine 2009) Such beliefs are deeply embedded within institutional structures (Wood Hine 2009) In order to understand the workings of oppression, it is important to understand the different levels at which it occurs. This is reflected in Thompsons PCS model, which views oppression and discrimination as occurring at three different levels: personal level, structural level and cultural level (Penhale 2008). The personal level relates to personal thoughts, attitudes, feelings and actions (Penhale 2008). At this level, individuals form and share their own beliefs and values. The ideals at this level are mainly based on personal experiences (Penhale 2008). The cultural level relates to the commonalities or shared values (Penhale 2008). That is, the assumed consensus of what is good or bad and what is considered to be normal. The structural level is where systematic discrimination becomes institutionalized. At this level, oppression and discrimination are ‘sewn into the fabric of society through structures and institutions such as the media and the government (Penhale 2008). The three levels interact to create and re-create patterns of discrimination as seen in figure 1. Fig.1 Thompson’s PCS model (Penhale 2008). In this case, at the personal level, the direct discrimination of black youths is evident where they are stopped and searched by the police severely compared to their white counterparts. This implies that the police view the black youth as potentially dangerous individuals because of their colour. Such beliefs and attitudes serve as breeding grounds for racial discrimination. Anti-oppressive practices must thus address the disproportionate use of controversial stop and search powers in the UK. At the cultural level, we examine where the views come from. That is, the shared assumptions that are made about the black youths in the UK which contribute to their discrimination. This equally needs to be addressed by anti-oppressive practices. One way to address discrimination at the cultural levels is through the provision of diversity and cultural awareness training (Dominelli 2002). The black youths are also discriminated against at the structural level through media portrayal of the Black and Ethnic Minority groups as highly dangerous. In addressing such kind of discrimination, it is worth assessing whether media’s sensationalisation of events surrounding black youth crime is justified or whether the media attaches a level of drama just to make it newsworthy. It is clear from above that the three different levels must be taken into account in order for anti-oppressive practice to effectively address issues of discrimination. However, an important progress seems to have been made in addressing the discrimination of black minority groups. For example, in recognition of their over-representation within the youth justice system, an audit and planning process was initiated by Youth Justice Board (YJB) in 2004 (YJB 2004). The action plan required that the differences between ethnic composition of offenders in pre-court and post-court disposals be reduced (YJB 2004). This initiative was meant to address the issue of overrepresentation of the black minority groups in the juvenile justice system, hence improving confidence in UK youth justice system. The black minority ethnic groups have also benefited from affirmative action policies which have increased their opportunities for employment in areas that have in the past been closed to them (Herron 2010). Such policies take into consideration factors such as colour, race, religion, gender and national origin in order to benefit a group that is underrepresented in areas of employment, business and education (Leonard 1990). In this case, the policies ensure that the black minority ethnic groups are equally represented and included in government programs. The affirmative actions are implemented in pursuit of equality by ensuring that the black minority ethnic groups are also afforded preferential treatment under law especially in areas of employment, business and education (Herron 2010). Another anti-oppressive practice which has contributed towards combating discrimination in the UK is the provision of diversity and cultural awareness training. The provision of such training programs in institutional structures helps promote equality for everyone regardless of their identity, gender, national origin, race and colour (Darlymple 2006). Such initiatives indeed contribute to youth work values through their commitment to equal opportunity. Extensive research has also been conducted to identify the various areas where the black youth continue to be marginalized. However, there is need for research to move beyond the quantitative phase and instead focus on anti-oppressive practices for combating factors that result in the differential treatment of young people (Darlymple 2006). With regard to educational attainment, there is need to develop innovative practices for combating the lower educational attainment of the black minority ethnic groups and their exclusion from prestigious universities. There is also the need to extend the Race Relations (Amendment Act) 2000 to cover the private sector as well. The act requires all public authorities to carry out their functions in a manner that eliminates racial discrimination and promotes equal opportunities and good relations among the different races (CRE 2012). Employers in the public sector are required to assess the impact of their policies on recruitment of the different racial groups. Similarly, public schools and institutions are required by the Act to assess the impact of their policies on students, parents and staff from different races (CRE 2012). Whilst this policy plays a major role in the fight against racial discrimination, there is need to extend the Act to cover the private sector as well. Additionally, youth settings can develop schemes for ethnic minority monitoring. Sometimes a great deal of ethnic disadvantage especially in the private sector may be unintentional and may not be immediately recognized by senior management (Wood et al. 2009). Monitoring schemes can help identify such issues that remain largely unrecognized and inform institutional arrangements such as schools and organizations to address the weakness identified (Wood et al. 2009). Clearly, more work need to be done on anti-oppressive practices and policy interventions in order to effectively address the discrimination of black minority youth groups in UK. Part 3: Anti-oppressive practice key to understanding the notion of self.   An important aspect to addressing the issue of discrimination is self-awareness. In other words, understanding how own self can contribute towards inequality and discrimination. As argued by Dominelli (2002), reflexivity and self-knowledge form the bedrock upon which anti-oppressive practitioners can build their interventions. The process of reflecting thus forms a core part of working in an anti-oppressive way. We live in a world with potentially contradictory identities and for us to co-exist in harmony, we must understand and appreciate the various aspects that shape and inform our identities. Practicing equality thus requires the need to identify and understand own self, recognize the differences between self and others, and to value the differences. It should be remembered that many aspects define our identities and determine how we view people and how others view us (Moore 2003). Factors such as our race, religion, values and beliefs shape our identities and differentiate us from others. In many of these factors, we tend to have little control and they enter our practice without our awareness (Moore 2003). Practicing equality requires that we value our differences as opposed to settling for a clone of oneself through demanding uniform conformity in others (Dominell 2002). Unless we follow this path, our reactions to difference would remain one that involves control or domination of others (Dominell 2002). The casting of people in a subordinate status based on the actual or perceived differences is central to the process of othering them, which denies hem their fundamental human rights (Dominell 2002). The politics of identity construction thus plays an important role in confronting oppression and addressing issues of discrimination (Dominell 2002). Practitioners must be aware of the social divisions that occur within the society and the nature of their interaction (Dominell 2002). Anti-oppressive practice require that we value our differences and develop an understanding of the other persons identity and position while at the same time reflecting on the privileged nature of our own (Dominell 2002). The understanding of oneself is important in order to effectively engage with the others (Donell 2002).   As such anti-oppressive practices, is key to understanding the notion of self. It challenges many own social norms and sharpens own senses towards issues of oppressions and discrimination (Dominell 2002).   Conclusion It is clear from above that the black youths in the UK are still marginalized in many aspects. The young black and ethnic minority groups feature in any description of social discrimination and alienation; and are often seen as suffering in measures of poverty, underachievement in education, mental illness, exclusions from schools, unemployment and overrepresentation in youth justice systems. To effectively address the discrimination of black youths in UK, anti-oppressive practices must take into account the three levels at which discrimination occurs: personal, cultural and institutional. There is also need for research to move beyond the quantitative phase and to focus on interventions and policy initiatives that can help combat discrimination and oppression of marginalized groups in UK. There is also the need to reflect on self and examine the impact that we may have on others. Knowing oneself better equips a person to build interventions to address the issues of oppression and discrimination Reference Ball, J., Bowcott, O., Rogers, S., 2011. Race variation in jail sentences, study suggests. The Guardian Barn, R., 2001. Black youth on the margins: a research review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation Commission for Race Equality (CRE), 2012. Ethnic monitoring: a guide for public authorities. Commission for Race Equality Dalrymple, J., 2006. Anti-oppressive practice: social care and the law. McGraw-Hill International Dominelli, L., 2002. Anti-oppressive social work: theory and practice. Basingtoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Dorfman, L., 2001. Youth, Race Crime in the News [Online]. Available at: www.buildingblocksforyouth.org [Accessed on 5th May 2013]. Dumbrill, G., 2009. Anti-oppression in child welfare: laying the foundation for change. The Child Welfare Anti-Oppression Roundtable Gunter, A., 2010. Growing up bad? Black youth, Road culture and Badness in an East London Neighbourhood. The Tufnell Press Herron, R.C., 2010. Superficially similar but fundamentally different: a comparative analysis of US and UK affirmative action, Durham University Leonard, J.S., 1990. ‘The impact of affirmative action regulation and equal employment law on black employment’. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.4 (4), pp.47-63 May, T., Gyateng, T. and Hough, M., 2010. Differential treatment in the Youth Justice System. Institute for Criminal Policy Research Kings College London. Moore, P., 2003. Critical components of an anti-oppressive framework.   The International Childe and Youth Care Network. Okoronkwo, N.N., 2008. The phenomenon of black youth crime and how black youths are portrayed in the media in the United Kingdom: whether the portrayal can be considered exaggerated, or if the moral panic is in some way justified?   International Journal of Criminology Penhale, B., 2008. Working with vulnerable adults. Routledge publishers Runnymede Trust, 2011. Black students half as likely to achieve the English Baccalaureate runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EnglishBacpressrelease.pdf [accessed 5th May 2013] Runnymede Trust, 2012. Work and Pensions Committee youth unemployment and the youth contract. Runnymede Trust. [viewed on 9th May 2013] available from publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmworpen/151/151we14.htm Simpson, A., 2012. Black youth: luckless or lazy? The Voice TUC report, 2012. Youth unemployment and ethnicity. TUC Verkaik, R., 2010. Black and Asian youths still victims of rough justice. The Independent. Wood, J.J. and Hine, J., 2009. Work with young people: theory and policy for practice. Sage publications Wood, M., Hales, J., Purdon, S., Sejersen, T. and Hayllar, O., 2009. A test for racial discrimination in recruitment practice in British cities. National Centre for Social Research. Wortley, S. and Tanner, J., 2008. Discrimination or good policing? The racial profiling debate in Canada. Centre for excellence on Research on immigration and settlement (CERIS) . Youth Justice Board (YJB), 2004. Differences or discrimination? Youth Justice Board Youth Justice Board, 2010. Exploring the needs of young Black and Minority Ethnic offenders and the provision of targeted interventions. Youth Justice Board

Essay Sample on Physical Disabilities Research on the Effect of Amputation

Essay Sample on Physical Disabilities Research on the Effect of Amputation Introduction Various disabilities in the world include physical, cognitive and mental disabilities. Physical disabilities may be congenital, amputation, and other sclerosis. Amputation involves removal of injured body parts. The body part may be removed due to trauma, surgery or prolonged condition. It may occur as an injury after war or accident and unlike some animals that can grow their body parts back such as starfish, human parts do not grow back once they are removed. In US, most of the amputations today occur due to vascular systems complications caused by diseases such as diabetes. This may result from an injury or a planned surgery for preventing the spread of a disease on the hand or other parts of the body. Some of the amputated parts, for example, legs may be attached back into the body. Pinzur et al. (1667-1671) describes that an amputation occurs when the surgeon needs to remove the injured parts of the body. Before the surgery, the doctor examines the damage to the other part of the body. The area removed depends on the amount of damage. The surgeon closes the part to be amputated using skin and tendon from other parts of the body. Losing a body part such as a hand that is visible causes emotional upset to the victim. Victims for amputations take time to accept the changes in their body and the ability to function. It is essential to talk about the feelings to get more advice on adapting to the situation. Watson (2008) shows the victims may also talk to other patients who also have the disability to understand on the best way of accepting the changes. Victims should remember that with time they would adapt to the changes and need to find new ways of carrying out daily activities such as eating, bathing and changing clothes. It is important for patient to be strong during the recovery process. Patients should understand that the quality of life is directly associated to the expectations and attitude towards any situation. A positive attitude and a hopeful feeling are expected in the recovery process. According to Watson (2008), amputations on the hand have issues of accessing things, decrease coordination of eye-hand, endurance and physical stamina. The effect of amputation has an impact on the family members, friends and social life of the victim. The people close to an amputated person should ensure they support them in daily activities, for example, assist in cleaning and cooking. Family members and friends should ensure that when having a conversation with a person on the wheelchair, they should be on the same eye level. If the person needs assistance, it is necessary to ask if one may help and if they do not need assistance, this should be accepted graciously. There are possible side effects for amputation such as heterotopic ossification. This occurs when the bone injury affects the brain. The brain may signal the bone to grow rather than forming a scar tissue (American Society for Surgery of the Hand 2011). According to Pinzur et al (1667-1671), these growths interfere with the prosthetics and force the victims to carry out another operation. There are areas that assist in development of skills in areas affected by disability, for example, joining organizations that enables amputees to step out and share their issues. The Amputee Coalition shows that in US about 500 new amputations occur daily and there is need to show these people that they are part of a large community. In April 2013, the Amputee coalition launched a mettle day for encouraging amputees all over the world. The public law (PL) offers education services are provided for children with disabilities with no added costs. The free appropriate public education ((FAPE) ensures that children with disabilities get essential services and education with no cost to the family.

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Individual and Group Essay

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Individual and Group Behaviour - Essay Example My diary work will follow a conglomeration of the attributes namely that of apprehension, leadership, psychological agreement, psychological development as well as transference. The sole motive behind selecting these issues is due to my belief that these issues will be affecting me enormously in both the sporting environment as well as an employment environment I obtained realization of the fact that interaction with the people is of great importance in life whether it be the people whom I have known well as well as those with whom I had very little interactions. In this respect the ushering of the group behavior provides us the scope for the development of individual behavior and problems of the society to the greatest possible extents. These problems are solved to the greater possible extent with the help of effective solutions which are applied most efficiently by the society under consideration in accordance with the opinions of people of the society. For expanding the horizon of my knowledge on these topics I concentrated on to the specific Freudian techniques for a transparent understanding. The knowledge associated with the psychological agreement has immensely benefitted me and I have become much more conscious about the fact that as psychological indenture is unwritten it can put stress on the workers and turmoil their presentation. This bears significant importance for me in the study of such an agreement as I am currently studying it and it may need longer study hours as what I consider my agreement to be possibly will not be reciprocally decided within the psychological agreement and hence it permits me to support myself for some displeasures if ever created upon such a situation. An instance of the psychological agreement within my profession as an assistance of a makeup artist is that my work manager might anticipate a certain customary of performance as she disburses for me and others as well to work. Now if I fail to convene the demanding volume of physical task it might lead to greater level of stress for me as well as in return permit the manager to conclude my working environment. I will be truthful and reveal the fact that my view of devolution was to disregard such a notion as I realised that I have provided people an opportunity before I made my mind clear up regarding their kind of character. Along with this, the notion completely disregards this view. This was merely a week previous to the first coursework where I have decided to assess my personal preference map as well my perception about the distinction of the authoritative shapes throughout my years. I can clearly state that change is a prime parameter within the domain of psychoanalysis as well as psychological field. This gets reflected in my opinion as an instance where I recognize the manager of the makeup company as my guide with the help of the use of change. I depict the coach as my guide because of the fact that the resemblances between them are eerie o r because of the fact that I am guided to think. My manager might be argued to be considerate, kind as well as understanding. Analysis of my manager resulted in inferring an ideal conclusion that these are several forms of changes where I have distinguished my manager just like my guide under the purview of change. The whole thought of